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    October 28

    《樛木》是古代对男孩健康成长及成年的祈福诗(原创,转载请告知)

    “南有樛木,葛藟累之。乐只君子,福履绥之。 南有樛木,葛藟荒之。乐只君子,福履将之。 南有樛木,葛藟萦之。乐只君子,福履成之。 ”短短几句诗,历代解说分歧甚大:有《毛诗序》所倡导的“后妃逮下”说;有方玉润的“普通夫妇缠绵”说;有现代学者的“贺新郎”说。这三种解说均经不起仔细推敲,均未能说明葛藟缠树的程度在同一场景为何会发生从“累之”、“荒之”到“萦之”的变化,以及其分别对应的“绥之”、“将之”和“成之”的特定意义。

    要解说清楚,必须弄清楚几个概念:

    1、“樛木”是什么,《毛传》“木下曲曰樛”,为什么这首诗要选择这种特征的树木来和“葛藟”这种藤蔓植物对举,要知道自然界中,藤蔓植物更愿意攀援高大挺拔的树木。其实选择这个意象,有当时社会文化独特的文化内涵,这就是祖先崇拜中的“男根”崇拜,在现代西藏主庙门前的园子里,仍可见到男根木雕矗立地面,供人祭拜。目前考古出土的公元前2-3000年左右的“陶祖”正是当时社会男根崇拜的最好佐证,这正好是诗经成书时代。故而这种下曲的树木,正是男子生殖器的象征。见朻木图。

    2、“葛藟”是什么,不错,葛藟就是现在的葛藟葡萄(野葡萄),但这个植物在那个时代像菟丝子一样被赋予着独特的文化内涵,葛藟又叫千岁蘽,千岁木,象征着长生。于是,“樛木”和“葛藟”的组合,同样取类比象于男性生命的长生祈福。

    3、再来分析一下“累之”、“荒之”到“萦之”的变化,以及其分别对应的“绥之”、“将之”和“成之”的特定意义。“累”字通纍(léi),作为动词,是接连成串的意思,而“绥”字通綏(suí),从糸(mì),从妥,“糸”与丝织品、绳索有关。“妥”表妥当、平安。合起来表示有了这绳索,人就稳妥了。 “葛藟累之”,“福履绥之”,也就是葛藟附生在樛木上,好比长生与樛木这个男根妥当平安的融合;《尔雅·释天》 “果不熟为荒。”,则当野葡萄开始结子的时候,福履“保养”(将)于男孩;当野葡萄长满枝头(萦)的时候,福履伴随的男孩顺利成年!

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